隨著新材料技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步，其研究與應(yīng)用已成為沼氣提純領(lǐng)域的關(guān)鍵推動(dòng)力。特別是在膜分離技術(shù)方面，復(fù)合膜材料的研發(fā)與應(yīng)用充分展現(xiàn)了這一發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)。

With the continuous advancement of new material technology, its research and application have become a key driving force in the field of biogas purification. Especially in the field of membrane separation technology, the research and application of composite membrane materials fully demonstrate this development trend.

沼氣提純的一種技術(shù)：膜技術(shù)

A technology for biogas purification: membrane technology

膜技術(shù)被譽(yù)為21世紀(jì)工業(yè)技術(shù)革新中的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，有專家甚至斷言：擁有膜技術(shù)，就意味著掌握了化學(xué)工業(yè)的未來(lái)。沼氣膜分離技術(shù)正是基于這一原理，通過(guò)利用沼氣中各組分在氣體分離膜中滲透速率的差異，以壓力差為驅(qū)動(dòng)力，實(shí)現(xiàn)CH4的純化分離。

Membrane technology is hailed as a key technology in the industrial technological innovation of the 21st century, and some experts even assert that possessing membrane technology means mastering the future of the chemical industry. The biogas membrane separation technology is based on this principle, which utilizes the difference in permeation rate of each component in biogas in the gas separation membrane, driven by pressure difference, to achieve the purification and separation of CH4.

氣體分離膜材料主要分為高分子材料、無(wú)機(jī)材料以及高分子-無(wú)機(jī)復(fù)合材料三大類別。其中，高分子膜材料如聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）、聚砜（PSF）等，因其獨(dú)特的化學(xué)性質(zhì)和滲透性，在沼氣膜分離中扮演著重要角色。而無(wú)機(jī)膜，如陶瓷膜、微孔玻璃等，則以其高強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性著稱。

Gas separation membrane materials are mainly divided into three categories: polymer materials, inorganic materials, and polymer inorganic composite materials. Among them, polymer membrane materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polysulfone (PSF) play an important role in biogas membrane separation due to their unique chemical properties and permeability. Inorganic membranes, such as ceramic membranes and microporous glass, are known for their high strength and stability.

膜的性能評(píng)估主要依據(jù)滲透性和選擇性。研究表明，多數(shù)高分子膜存在滲透性與選擇性相互制約的情況，即滲透性優(yōu)異者，其選擇性往往較差，反之亦然。然而，通過(guò)膜材料的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，可以在一定程度上改善這種權(quán)衡關(guān)系，從而提高沼氣膜分離的效率。

The performance evaluation of membranes is mainly based on permeability and selectivity. Research has shown that most polymer membranes have a mutual constraint between permeability and selectivity, where those with excellent permeability often have poor selectivity, and vice versa. However, by optimizing the design of membrane materials, this trade-off relationship can be improved to some extent, thereby enhancing the efficiency of biogas membrane separation.

在沼氣提純領(lǐng)域，聚酰胺膜和EC膜是備受推崇的高分子膜材料。然而，EC膜因?qū)λ置舾?，若未?jīng)適當(dāng)前處理，則不適用于沼氣分離。沼氣分離過(guò)程中，面臨H2S、H2O以及高壓力等多重挑戰(zhàn)，因此所選用的膜材料必須具備對(duì)這些氣體的化學(xué)耐受能力，并能承受超過(guò)25 bar的壓力和50℃以上的高溫。

In the field of biogas purification, polyamide membrane and EC membrane are highly regarded polymer membrane materials. However, EC membranes are sensitive to moisture and are not suitable for biogas separation without appropriate treatment. In the process of biogas separation, multiple challenges such as H2S, H2O, and high pressure are faced. Therefore, the selected membrane material must have chemical resistance to these gases and be able to withstand pressures exceeding 25 bar and high temperatures above 50 ℃.

氣體分離膜元件主要分為中空纖維元件、螺旋卷元件和封套式元件三類，其中前兩種因堆積密度高而更受青睞。單一膜組件難以達(dá)到高CH4含量的提純效果，且存在CH4流失率大的問(wèn)題，因此在實(shí)際工程中，常采用多組膜組件串聯(lián)的方式。

Gas separation membrane components are mainly divided into three categories: hollow fiber components, spiral coil components, and envelope components, among which the first two are more favored due to their high packing density. A single membrane module is difficult to achieve high CH4 content purification effect, and there is a problem of high CH4 loss rate. Therefore, in practical engineering, multiple membrane modules are often connected in series.

應(yīng)用膜分離方法提純沼氣時(shí)，需關(guān)注兩大問(wèn)題。首先是溫降問(wèn)題，膜分離設(shè)備運(yùn)行過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的焦?fàn)枿C湯姆遜效應(yīng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致膜兩側(cè)氣體顯著降溫，進(jìn)而影響氣體的熱動(dòng)力學(xué)特性和傳質(zhì)特性，使膜的滲透性降低。其次是膜的增塑化問(wèn)題，高壓條件下CO2可能引發(fā)高分子膜增塑化，導(dǎo)致滲透系數(shù)上升、選擇性嚴(yán)重下降。因此，在選擇膜材料時(shí)，應(yīng)優(yōu)先考量材料的高選擇性和抗塑化性。

When using membrane separation methods to purify biogas, two major issues need to be addressed. Firstly, there is the issue of temperature drop. The Joule Thomson effect generated during the operation of membrane separation equipment can significantly cool the gas on both sides of the membrane, thereby affecting the thermodynamic and mass transfer properties of the gas and reducing the permeability of the membrane. Secondly, there is the issue of membrane plasticization. Under high pressure conditions, CO2 may cause plasticization of polymer membranes, leading to an increase in permeability coefficient and a severe decrease in selectivity. Therefore, when selecting membrane materials, priority should be given to their high selectivity and resistance to plasticization.

現(xiàn)代能源體系所面臨的復(fù)雜性和規(guī)模挑戰(zhàn)，使得規(guī)劃和建設(shè)新的能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施往往需要漫長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，這無(wú)疑成為了新能源產(chǎn)業(yè)化進(jìn)程中的一大障礙。幸運(yùn)的是，沼氣提純生物天然氣技術(shù)提供了完美的解決方案，它能夠完全替代天然氣，滿足不斷增長(zhǎng)的能源需求。隨著天然氣消耗量的持續(xù)攀升，沼氣提純生產(chǎn)生物天然氣的市場(chǎng)空間也將不斷拓展，從而進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)沼氣提純技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展。

The complexity and scale challenges faced by modern energy systems often require lengthy planning and construction of new energy infrastructure, which undoubtedly becomes a major obstacle in the industrialization process of new energy. Fortunately, biogas purification technology provides a perfect solution that can completely replace natural gas and meet the growing energy demand. With the continuous increase in natural gas consumption, the market space for biogas purification to produce biogas will also continue to expand, further promoting the rapid development of biogas purification technology.

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